Century 6 of 13 · 44 BC – AD 14

Antony, Cleopatra and Augustus

The Republic ends and the principate is invented.

63 entries · 45 hours · 47 with a written verdict

The Republic outlives the Ides of March by thirteen years, and the man who finally ends it is nineteen when he starts: a famous surname, no military record, and a legion he has bought with his own money.

Octavian, Antony and Lepidus form the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC, legally, by a law passed for the purpose. Their first act is a proscription list; Cicero's head and hands go up on the rostra he had spoken from. Philippi in 42 destroys the Liberators, and then comes a decade of manoeuvring in which Antony holds the wealthy east and Octavian holds Italy and the story.

The story is the interesting part. Almost everything you know about Cleopatra was written by the side that beat her: the seductress, the foreign queen, the will supposedly seized from the Vestals. She was a Ptolemaic ruler who learned Egyptian when her dynasty had not bothered for three hundred years, playing the only hand a client kingdom holds during a Roman civil war. Actium in 31 BC is a naval battle Antony largely declines to fight, and both are dead within the year. Then in 27 BC Octavian resigns every power to the Senate, is handed most of them back with a new name, and spends forty years insisting he has restored the Republic while holding permanent command of the armies. In AD 9 Varus loses three legions in the Teutoburg Forest, the frontier stops at the Rhine for good, and an old man is heard asking for them back.

Where to start

The AncientsAncient Warfare PodcastThe Ancient WorldHistoria CivilisThe Classics PodcastAncient Rome Live

I feel like…

ThinkingAny

Cogitare, how it was thought and ordered

FeelingAny

Sentire, what was lived and endured

DoingAny

Facere, what hands made and did

FormAny

how it is made

NarratorAny

who is talking

LengthAny

how much time you have

With a written verdict

22mThe Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.) Historia CivilisEssentialYouTube

Part of Historia Civilis

Actium in animated blocks, which sounds absurd and is the clearest explanation of the battle anywhere. Historia Civilis makes fleet movements legible in a way no documentary manages.

YouTube
7h 20mDomina Drama

Livia's story as drama, and much better than its lack of an audience suggests. Takes the standard hostile sources and asks what she would have said.

1h 33mArmy for an Empire: Augustus' new Roman army Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Ninety-three minutes with the Ancient Warfare panel on how Octavian cut some sixty legions down to twenty-eight and made them permanent. The professional Roman army starts here, and so does the pension bill.

1h 07mAgrippa and Augustus: The Golden Age The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

Lindsay Powell on the later career of Marcus Agrippa: the aqueducts, the first Pantheon, the fleet that won Actium. Sixty-seven minutes on the man who built most of what Augustus is remembered for.

1h 01mMary Beard On Ruling The Roman Empire HistoryHitYouTube

Part of HistoryHit

Sixty-one minutes with Mary Beard on the daily business of being emperor: the petitions, the letters, the dinners, and how much of the job was answering post.

YouTube
1hThe Rise of Cleopatra The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Joyce Tyldesley

Cleopatra before the Romans got hold of her story: a Ptolemaic ruler who learned Egyptian when her dynasty had not bothered for three hundred years, playing the only hand a client kingdom had.

1hLivia: Empress of Rome The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Emma Southon

Livia had more influence than any woman in Roman politics and a reputation as a poisoner invented mostly by Tacitus. The episode separates the two.

59mVarus & The Teutoburg Forest Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Recorded for the two-thousandth anniversary, fifty-nine minutes on the loss of legions XVII, XVIII and XIX somewhere in northern Germany. Those three numbers were never issued to a legion again.

57mAugustus vs Agrippa with Robert Harris The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Robert Harris

Robert Harris on Agrippa, who won the wars and then had his name quietly worked out of the record by the friend he won them for. Fifty-seven minutes.

56mThe Age of Augustus: How Rome Became an Empire Ancient Rome LiveYouTube

Part of Ancient Rome Live

Fifty-six minutes on the constitutional sleight of hand: a man who invented no new office ended up holding everything, and the Senate voted him each piece of it.

YouTube
55mAW278 - Publius Quinctilius Varus and the Teutoburg Disaster Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Jo Ball on her own book about Varus, who was a competent administrator given a job that was not administration. Fifty-five minutes on AD 9.

53mMassacre at Teutoburg Forest The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

Over fifteen thousand men lost in the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, and this episode carries the story past the ambush to what Germanicus found on the ground six years later. Fifty-three minutes.

53mAntony and Cleopatra The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Daisy Dunn

Daisy Dunn on the pair from Tarsus to the tomb, fifty-three minutes. The political arithmetic gets as much room as the romance, which is the only way the ending makes sense.

50mThe Birth of the Roman Empire The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Hannah Cornwell

16 January 27 BC, the day Octavian was handed the name Augustus and had the gates of Janus shut. Hannah Cornwell on what actually changed that morning, in fifty minutes.

49mAW274 - The Julio-Claudian legion Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Forty-nine minutes on Augustus solving the problem of owning some fifty legions and having nobody left to fight: he cut them, settled them and made the rest permanent.

48mTerror in the Teutoburg Forest The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

Joanne Ball on the basic question the story usually skips: where the battle actually happened, and how Kalkriese came to be the answer. Forty-eight minutes.

47mAW408 - Why Germania? Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Forty-seven minutes on the question underneath the German campaigns: what Augustus wanted from the Rhine, and whether a province beyond it was ever really the plan.

45mThe Fall of Mark Antony: From Caesar to Cleopatra The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Jeffrey Tatum

Jeff Tatum on the stretch from Philippi in 42 BC to Actium, the years when Antony was the senior partner in the triumvirate and spent that advantage. Forty-five minutes, the second of two parts.

43mAgrippa: Rome's Forgotten Hero The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

Forty-three minutes on Agrippa before the buildings: Naulochus, Actium, and a career that stayed loyal at every point where it could have turned into a bid of his own.

42mPax Romana The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

Adrian Goldsworthy from the archive on what the Roman peace actually was: two centuries with less warfare inside the frontier than anywhere had managed, and what it cost to hold. Forty-two minutes.

42mThe Rise of Mark Antony The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Jeffrey Tatum

Forty-two minutes on Antony before Cleopatra: Caesar's deputy, the master of horse, and the man who read the will out loud at the funeral.

42mAW374 - Which Battle Would You Witness? Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Forty-two minutes of the panel choosing one battle each to stand at the edge of, which turns into an argument about what the sources cannot tell us.

41mBattle of Teutoburg Forest: The Roman Invasion The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

Recorded at the site, forty-one minutes on the days before the ambush of September AD 9. Part one of two, and the ground does much of the explaining.

41mThe Rise Of The Ancient Roman Empire HistoryHitYouTube

Part of HistoryHit

With Simon Elliott

Forty-one minutes taking the whole rise in one run, to camera, which makes it a frame to hang the detailed episodes on.

YouTube
40mThe Ancient Economy from Assyria to Augustus Tides of HistoryPodcast

Part of Tides of History

Forty minutes opening a run of episodes on the first-millennium economy, starting with whether the ancient economy is one subject at all.

40m197. Antony & Cleopatra (Part 3) The Rest Is HistoryPodcast

Part of The Rest Is History

Part three of four, forty minutes on what Plutarch and then Shakespeare did to the story before anyone alive today met it.

38mSextus Pompeius and the Sicilian War (42 to 36 B.C.E.) Historia CivilisYouTube

Part of Historia Civilis

Thirty-eight minutes on Pompey's surviving son, who held Sicily with a fleet and starved Italy of grain until Agrippa built a navy that could beat him.

YouTube
36mCleopatra's Daughter The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Jane Draycott

Jane Draycott on Cleopatra Selene, walked through Octavian's triumph as a child and later ruling Mauretania as queen. Thirty-six minutes on the one who got out of that family alive.

35mEpisode S8 - Decumbo The Ancient WorldPodcast

Part of The Ancient World

Part two of two, thirty-five minutes on Galerius from Tetrarch to the edict of toleration he issued from his deathbed in 311.

31mEpisode S7 - Ascendo The Ancient WorldPodcast

Part of The Ancient World

Part one of two, thirty-one minutes on Galerius: refugee, herdsman, soldier, Caesar, Augustus, and one of the Tetrarchy's least examined figures.

30mAntony's Invasion of Parthia (42 to 33 B.C.E.) Historia CivilisYouTube

Part of Historia Civilis

Thirty minutes of rectangles on Antony's Parthian campaign, the one that lost him the reputation Actium then finished off.

YouTube
29mEpisode B43 – Sibylline The Ancient WorldPodcast

Part of The Ancient World

Twenty-nine minutes on Samsigeramus saving Emesa from the Sasanians and then declaring himself Augustus, until Valerian arrived and Odaenathus took over.

28mEpisode B1 – Triumph The Ancient WorldPodcast

Part of The Ancient World

Twenty-eight minutes on the early years of Cleopatra Selene, daughter of Cleopatra and Antony, walked through Rome in a triumph as a child.

28mEpisode B2 – Rex Socius Amicusque The Ancient WorldPodcast

Part of The Ancient World

Twenty-eight minutes on Juba II, a Numidian prince raised in Octavian's household after being walked in his father's triumph, and later made a king by Rome.

28mEpisode B3 – Ephebus The Ancient WorldPodcast

Part of The Ancient World

Twenty-eight minutes on Juba II accompanying Octavian into Egypt in 30 BC, at the end of which Cassius Dio writes that Egypt was enslaved.

27mEpisode B8 – Scelus The Ancient WorldPodcast

Part of The Ancient World

Twenty-seven minutes on the death of Augustus, Tiberius taking over, and the young Germanicus starting the career that would make him the heir everyone wanted.

26mThe Death of Antony & Cleopatra (30 B.C.E.) Historia CivilisYouTube

Part of Historia Civilis

Twenty-six minutes of coloured rectangles on the last year of both of them, Actium to the asp. Historia Civilis is strongest on sequence, and 30 BC is almost entirely sequence.

YouTube
26mWar and Peace ...and War (35 to 32 B.C.E.) Historia CivilisYouTube

Part of Historia Civilis

Twenty-six minutes on the years when the triumvirate stopped pretending, told through the propaganda each side published about the other.

YouTube
26mEpisode B9 – Germanicus The Ancient WorldPodcast

Part of The Ancient World

Twenty-six minutes on Germanicus taking command in the east, the posting that ended with his death at Antioch and a poisoning trial in Rome.

19mThe Life and Death of Hypatia of Alexandria, Part 3 - The Pax Romana Podcast 108 The Pax Romana PodcastPodcast

Part of The Pax Romana Podcast

The third part on the mathematician killed by a mob in 415, and on what her death is used to argue about ever since.

16mWhat happened To Mark Antony's Kids? Ancient Rome LiveYouTube

Part of Ancient Rome Live

The children Antony had with Cleopatra and with Octavia, and what Augustus did with them. Most of them lived.

YouTube
14mAWA414 - Did legionaries need to be 1.80 metres tall? Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Fourteen minutes on the recruitment height everyone quotes, where the figure comes from, and what the skeletons from military cemeteries actually measure.

12mWho Were The Failed Heirs of Augustus? Ancient Rome LiveYouTube

Part of Ancient Rome Live

Marcellus, Gaius, Lucius and Agrippa Postumus, the four who were supposed to succeed and did not. Tiberius was the last option, not the first.

YouTube
11mAWA343 - Which type of armor did the legions under Caesar and Augustus use? Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Eleven minutes on what the legions under Caesar and Augustus actually wore, decades before segmented plate appears. Mail, and three competing accounts of shield shape.

11mAugustus' Victory Monument at Actium toldinstoneYouTube

Part of toldinstone

The monument Augustus built where his camp stood before Actium, decorated with the rams of the ships he captured.

YouTube
9mAWA174 - Did Ancient Armies wargame in any fashion we would recognize? Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Nine minutes on whether ancient commanders rehearsed: what the manoeuvre drills and the staff rides in the sources amount to.

7mLimyra: Empty Tomb of a Roman Prince toldinstoneYouTube

Part of toldinstone

Seven minutes at the cenotaph raised in Lycia for Gaius Caesar, the grandson Augustus meant to succeed him, who died there in AD 4 at twenty-three. The tomb is empty; the succession went to Tiberius.

YouTube

Everything else, in order

59mLife of Mark Antony w. Dr Richard Alston Ithaca BoundPodcast

Part of Ithaca Bound · Andrew Schiestel on the Mediterranean, 2021 to 2022; only the Roman episodes are indexed

51mLivia w. Dr Richard Alston Ithaca BoundPodcast

Part of Ithaca Bound · Andrew Schiestel on the Mediterranean, 2021 to 2022; only the Roman episodes are indexed

1h 02mThe Teutoburg Disaster with Dr Ball: Part Two. Ancient History HoundPodcast

Part of Ancient History Hound · Ancient Blogger on Greece, Rome and antiquity for every level; only the Roman episodes are indexed

44mThe Teutoburg Disaster with Dr Ball: Part One. Ancient History HoundPodcast

Part of Ancient History Hound · Ancient Blogger on Greece, Rome and antiquity for every level; only the Roman episodes are indexed

With Joanne Ball

19mTCP does Roman History: Cassius Dio on Augustus The Classics PodcastPodcast

Part of The Classics Podcast · The Classical Association: revision, myth and interviews; only the Roman episodes are indexed

12mTCP does Roman History: Suetonius on Augustus The Classics PodcastPodcast

Part of The Classics Podcast · The Classical Association: revision, myth and interviews; only the Roman episodes are indexed

10mTCP does Roman History: Tacitus on Augustus The Classics PodcastPodcast

Part of The Classics Podcast · The Classical Association: revision, myth and interviews; only the Roman episodes are indexed

9m8. Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula: Urban Living in Rome with Andrew Wallace-Hadrill The Classics PodcastPodcast

Part of The Classics Podcast · The Classical Association: revision, myth and interviews; only the Roman episodes are indexed

With Andrew Wallace-Hadrill

57mWhat Is Pax Romana? Echoes of HistoryPodcast

Part of Echoes of History · History Hit for Assassin's Creed; only the Roman episodes are indexed

43mThe Roman Empire in Anno 117: Pax Romana Echoes of HistoryPodcast

Part of Echoes of History · History Hit for Assassin's Creed; only the Roman episodes are indexed

39mEmperor Augustus Dan Snow's History HitPodcast

Part of Dan Snow's History Hit · Dan Snow on history's defining moments; only the Roman episodes are indexed

37m2. Augustus: Roman Coins with Sam Moorhead The Classics PodcastPodcast

Part of The Classics Podcast · The Classical Association: revision, myth and interviews; only the Roman episodes are indexed

With Sam Moorhead

24mAugustus Is Dead—Now What? Kings and GeneralsPodcast

Part of Kings and Generals · Military history in campaigns and battles; only the Roman episodes are indexed

23mTeutoburg Forest 9 AD - Roman-Germanic Wars DOCUMENTARY Kings and GeneralsPodcast

Part of Kings and Generals · Military history in campaigns and battles; only the Roman episodes are indexed

18mBattle of Actium (31 BC) - Final War of the Roman Republic DOCUMENTARY Kings and GeneralsPodcast

Part of Kings and Generals · Military history in campaigns and battles; only the Roman episodes are indexed

Audio not available
11mBattle of Actium: what if Cleopatra and Mark Antony had won? Not another Greek History podcast!Podcast