Century 11 of 13 · AD 284 – 395

Diocletian, Constantine and Christian Rome

Diocletian, Constantine, Nicaea, and the turn.

28 entries · 19 hours · 21 with a written verdict

Diocletian launched the most systematic Roman attempt to destroy Christianity in 303. It was over within a decade, and the emperor after next was a Christian. This period runs on reversals of that size.

He came to power in 284 and solved the succession by inventing a system with four emperors in it, which worked exactly once. He also stopped pretending: the emperor is now a remote sacred figure in a palace, and historians call the arrangement the Dominate for that reason. His Edict on Maximum Prices in 301 is the largest surviving attempt at ancient price control, and economists have been enjoying its failure ever since.

Constantine wins at the Milvian Bridge in 312 under a sign he later described differently to different audiences, legalises the religion in 313, and calls the Council of Nicaea in 325 to settle what Christians actually believe. He is baptised on his deathbed in 337, and whether he was convinced or calculating is an argument that will outlive all of us. He also moves the capital: Constantinople is dedicated in 330 on a site with walls, fresh water and a harbour, and that decision keeps the eastern half alive for another eleven centuries. Julian tries to reverse the religious change, rules eighteen months and dies in Persia in 363. Adrianople in 378 destroys an eastern army and kills an emperor. Theodosius dies in 395, the empire is divided between his two sons, and it is never governed as one again.

Where to start

The AncientsIthaca BoundEchoes of EmpiresAncient Warfare PodcastGreeced Lightning

I feel like…

ThinkingAny

Cogitare, how it was thought and ordered

FeelingAny

Sentire, what was lived and endured

DoingAny

Facere, what hands made and did

FormAny

how it is made

NarratorAny

who is talking

LengthAny

how much time you have

With a written verdict

2h 07mAgora Film

Hypatia in Alexandria, and the only feature film about late antique intellectual life. Takes liberties with her death and is honest about the world she lived in.

1h 07mRise of Christianity The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Peter Heather

How a small movement went from persecuted to imperial in three centuries. The demographic arithmetic is the interesting part.

58mThe Christian Destruction of the Classical World The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

Fifty-eight minutes on what happened to temples, statues and libraries as Christianity took the state, and on how much destruction the evidence will actually carry.

57mEmperor Diocletian and the Great Persecution The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With David Gwynn

The most systematic Roman attempt to destroy Christianity, launched in 303, over within a decade, and followed by a Christian emperor. Also good on the four-emperor system that worked exactly once.

56mThe First Popes The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Rosamond McKitterick

The bishops of Rome before there was a papacy, when the claim to primacy was still being invented.

52mBethlehem The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Joan Taylor

Joan Taylor on Bethlehem before the nativity, a small place south of Jerusalem with a longer history than the one story it is known for. Fifty-two minutes.

51mEmperor Constantine The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With David Potter

Milvian Bridge, the sign he described differently to different audiences, and a deathbed baptism. Whether he was convinced or calculating is an argument that will outlive all of us, and the episode does not pretend otherwise.

49mThe Rise of Constantine The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

Forty-nine minutes on Constantine's climb from York in 306 to sole rule, and on how much of the Christian account of it comes from writers who needed him to be a convert.

43mThe Emperor's Lost Harbour Documentary

The harbour of Theodosius, found under a modern city while they were digging a railway. Forty-three minutes on the port that fed the capital of the last emperor to rule both halves of the empire.

40mBringing Order to Chaos: The Armies of Diocletian Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

With Jason Klazmer

Jason Klazmer on how Diocletian rebuilt an army that had spent fifty years making and unmaking emperors, and on the price of the fix. Forty minutes.

38mThe Council of Nicaea The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

With Dafydd Daniel

What Christians actually argued about in 325, which was not what most people assume, and how an emperor came to be chairing it.

31mThe Truth About Saint Valentine The AncientsPodcast

Part of The Ancients

Thirty-one minutes on Valentine of Rome, patron saint of beekeepers and of epilepsy, and on how a martyr with almost no biography acquired one.

27mBattling Bureaucrats Being Roman with Mary BeardPodcast

Part of Being Roman with Mary Beard

Twenty-seven minutes on the clerks: the thousands of men who kept the provinces fed and watered, and the complaints they left behind about each other.

Audio not available
25mThe Baths of Diocletian When in RomePodcast

Part of When in Rome

With Caillan Davenport

Twenty-five minutes on the largest baths Rome ever built, put up in the early fourth century and now holding a church, a museum and a railway station.

Audio not available
22mJulian, the Philosopher King Echoes of EmpiresPodcast

Part of Echoes of Empires

Twenty-two minutes on the emperor remembered for one word, Apostate, and on the rest of him: the writing, the reforms, the eighteen months he had.

22mJulian in Gaul Echoes of EmpiresPodcast

Part of Echoes of Empires

Twenty-two minutes on Julian sent to Gaul as a junior Caesar with no military experience, and on what he did with it.

21mUsurpers and Arians Echoes of EmpiresPodcast

Part of Echoes of Empires

Twenty-one minutes on the years after Adrianople, when the empire had a religious civil war on top of a military one.

17mThe Booming Fourth Century Echoes of EmpiresPodcast

Part of Echoes of Empires

Seventeen minutes arguing the fourth century was a good time to be alive, which cuts against the decline story most listeners arrive with.

15mThe Rise of Christianity Echoes of EmpiresPodcast

Part of Echoes of Empires

Fifteen minutes on how a small movement became the empire's religion in under a century. The shortest route into the question in this whole catalogue.

10mAWA155 - What effect did Christianity have on Roman military practices and those of their opponents? Ancient Warfare PodcastPodcast

Part of Ancient Warfare Podcast

Ten minutes on whether Christianity changed how the Roman army fought, recruited and swore its oaths, or only the words it used for those.

9mWho destroyed the Baths of Constantine? Ancient Rome LiveYouTube

Part of Ancient Rome Live

Nine minutes on the last great bath complex built in Rome, raised on the Quirinal around AD 315 and pulled down in 1605 to clear ground for a cardinal's palace. The drawings made before it went are most of what survives.

YouTube

Everything else, in order

58mConstantine's Reign w. Dr. David Potter Ithaca BoundPodcast

Part of Ithaca Bound · Andrew Schiestel on the Mediterranean, 2021 to 2022; only the Roman episodes are indexed

57mDiocletian w. Dr Roger Rees Ithaca BoundPodcast

Part of Ithaca Bound · Andrew Schiestel on the Mediterranean, 2021 to 2022; only the Roman episodes are indexed

57mEmperor Constantine’s Adoption of Christianity w. Dr. Harold Drake Ithaca BoundPodcast

Part of Ithaca Bound · Andrew Schiestel on the Mediterranean, 2021 to 2022; only the Roman episodes are indexed

53mThe Tetrarchy w. Dr Roger Rees Ithaca BoundPodcast

Part of Ithaca Bound · Andrew Schiestel on the Mediterranean, 2021 to 2022; only the Roman episodes are indexed

35mConstantine Becoming Emperor of Rome w. Dr. David Potter Ithaca BoundPodcast

Part of Ithaca Bound · Andrew Schiestel on the Mediterranean, 2021 to 2022; only the Roman episodes are indexed

1h 17mMonty Python's Life of Brian - Roman Judea & Early Christianity Greeced LightningPodcast

Part of Greeced Lightning · Myths and movies with a doctor of classics; only the Roman episodes are indexed

24mMilitary Reforms of Diocletian - Roman Imperial Army DOCUMENTARY Kings and GeneralsPodcast

Part of Kings and Generals · Military history in campaigns and battles; only the Roman episodes are indexed